Asset-protection trust

The law of wills and trusts
Part of the common law series
Inheritance
Intestacy  · Testator  · Probate
Power of appointment
Simultaneous death  · Slayer rule
Disclaimer of interest
Types of will
Holographic will  · Will contract
Living will
Joint wills and mutual wills
Parts of a will
Codicil  · Attestation clause
Incorporation by reference
Residuary clause
Problems of property disposition
Lapse and anti-lapse
Ademption  · Abatement
Acts of independent significance
Elective share  · Pretermitted heir
Contesting a will
Testamentary capacity  · Undue influence
Types of Trusts
Express trust  · Asset-protection trust
Protective trust  · Spendthrift trust
Charitable trust  · Honorary trust
Resulting trust  · Constructive trust
Special Needs trust
Doctrines governing trusts
Pour-over will  · Cy pres doctrine
Other areas of the common law
Contract law  · Tort law  · Property law
Criminal law  · Evidence

An asset-protection trust is a term which covers a wide spectrum of legal structures. Any form of trust which provides for funds to be held on a discretionary basis falls within the category. Such trusts are set up in an attempt to avoid or mitigate the effects of Taxation, Divorce and Bankruptcy on the beneficiary. Such trusts are therefore frequently proscribed or limited in their effects by governments and the courts.

Whether such a trust is a Spendthrift trust on the U.S. model, a Protective trust on the Commonwealth model or another form of discretionary trust, it is more likely to be subject to challenge under the common law doctrine of sham or under specific statutory provisions if any person setting up the trust (or their spouse):

• can benefit under its provisions;
• is the person under risk financially;
• benefits (whether permitted or not) from the trust; or
• if the person setting up the trust is at risk financially, if bankruptcy or divorce occurs soon after the establishment of the trust.

Offshore Jurisdictions

Some offshore jurisdictions have short periods of statutory limitation, as short as a year in some cases, allegedly preventing claims against the trust. Others offer packaged "asset protection vehicles" which may involve a corporate vehicle or other form of legal entity rather than a trust to hold the property.

Offshore trusts and other asset protection vehicles typically do not prevent action against the individual concerned in his or her home country. Orders under divorce and creditor protection laws can typically be made against that individual notwithstanding the alleged independence of such trustees. Failure to make payment may be contempt of court and may lead to imprisonent.