Mostly enveloped by the cerebrum and cerebellum (blue), the visible part of brainstem is shown in black. Viewed from the right.
The lower part of the brain stem is the medulla oblongata, grossly comprising the medullary pyramids and the olivary bodies or olives. The pons is a structure above the medulla. The reticular activating system is situated in between the medulla and metencephalon, and is considered to be at the "core."
Differentiation of the brain stem from the cerebrum is complex, both anatomically and taxonomically. Some taxonomies describe the brain stem as the medulla and mesencephalon while others include diencephalic regions.
The adult human brainstem emerges from parts of all three vesicles in the neural tube.
Function
The brain stem is the stalk of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres. It is the major route for communication between the forebrain, the spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It controls various autonomic functions such as respiration and the regulation of heart rhythms as well as perceptual functions such as the primary aspects of sound localization.
References
- Anthoney, Terence (1994). Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam: A Thesaurus of Synonyms, Similar-Sounding Non-Synonyms, and Terms of Variable Meaning, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC-Press. ISBN 0849386314.
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